Peer ReviewIndependent assessment
The stated model for this journal is Double-anonymous peer review; normally at least two independent reviewers. Submissions are screened for scope, completeness and ethical concerns. Reviewers are selected for relevant expertise and independence; editors make decisions after considering the manuscript, reports and author responses. Additional review may be sought where needed.
Publication EthicsResearch integrity
Authors must report methods, data, authorship, funding, conflicts and ethics approvals accurately. Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate submission, manipulated figures, authorship misrepresentation and citation manipulation are not acceptable. Concerns are assessed fairly and confidentially, with an opportunity for relevant parties to respond.
Open AccessAccess to published work
The stated access model is Open Access. Published articles are intended to be available online without subscription barriers. Access conditions do not, by themselves, specify reuse rights; readers should follow the license displayed on the final article record.
Copyright & LicensingRights and reuse
The applicable copyright and reuse terms must be stated on each published article. No specific reuse license is assigned to unpublished content. Before publication, authors will be shown the terms applicable to the article; third-party content remains subject to its own permission and license requirements.
FeesArticle processing charge
This journal currently states No APC. Any applicable charge must be disclosed with its amount, currency, waiver conditions and refund terms before submissions are accepted.
Authorship & ConflictsAccountability and disclosure
Authorship should reflect substantive contribution and responsibility for the work. All authors must approve the submitted version. Authors, editors and reviewers disclose relevant competing interests; conflicted editors or reviewers are removed from assessment where impartiality could be affected.
Data & MethodsTransparency and reproducibility
Authors should describe methods and analysis sufficiently for critical appraisal and, where appropriate, reproducibility. A data-availability statement should explain access to material central to the study and any restrictions arising from privacy, consent, law, security or legitimate third-party rights.
AI UseHuman responsibility
AI systems cannot be listed as authors. Authors remain accountable for accuracy, originality, citations, permissions and integrity. Material use of generative AI in research or manuscript preparation should be disclosed under the publisher policy. Reviewers and editors must protect confidential manuscripts from external tools that may retain them.
The Scholarly RecordCorrections and appeals
Material errors may be corrected through a linked notice. Retraction or an expression of concern may be considered where evidence indicates unreliable findings, serious ethical problems or unresolved integrity concerns. Authors may appeal a decision on specific factual or procedural grounds; the appeal is reviewed by an appropriate editor.