Corrections & Retractions
Post-publication corrections, retractions and expressions of concern.
Corrections
Material errors that affect interpretation, attribution, metadata or the scholarly record may be corrected through a linked notice. Minor typographical changes that do not affect meaning may be handled without a formal correction where appropriate.
Retractions
Retraction may be considered where findings are unreliable because of misconduct or major error, where work is redundant or plagiarised, or where serious ethical problems invalidate the publication.
Expressions of concern
An expression of concern may be used when substantial concerns exist but an investigation is incomplete or evidence remains unresolved.
Record preservation
Correction and retraction notices remain linked to the original article so the publication history is not silently erased.